Durability of Ethiopian bamboo culms and alternative damage control measures against biodeteriorating agents
Keywords:
Arundinaria alpina, Control measures, Culms, Graveyard stations, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Stakes
Abstract
High susceptibility of the bamboo stems (culms) to biodeteriorating agents are among the major challenges in processing, value addition, marketing and rational utilization of the bamboo resource in Ethiopia. A study was conducted to investigate culms’ natural durability, treatability of bamboo culms with and effectiveness of damage control measures in controlling the biodeteriorating agents’ damage. Samples of Arundinaria alpina culms were collected from Hagere Selam, Injibara, Tikur Inchini and Masha sites. Oxytenanthera abyssinica samples were obtained from Asossa, Dedessa and Pawe. Tanalith preservative, borax-boric acid solution, used motor oil, kerosene and common table salt were used to treat the bamboo stakes. Graveyard studies were conducted for five years at Pawe, Bako, Adami Tulu and Addis Ababa research stations. The non-ground contact test was conducted in Addis Ababa station under shade without direct contact with soil, moisture, rain and sunlight. The results indicated that bamboo culms were non-durable, having high treatability potential with the control measures used in this study. Significant difference (P<0.01) was found on damage caused by subterranean termites on the bamboo species stakes obtained from different localities, control measures and field (graveyard) stations. Mean damage on controls and treated stakes with control measures caused by subterranean termites for all stations varied from 24 to 80%, while damage caused by fungi varied from 11 to 66%. This indicated that termites caused the highest damage at all stations both on the controls and treated stakes. The non-ground contact stakes were intact against aboveground dwelling termites, beetles and fungi. Tanalith and used motor oil treatments were found to be the most effective alternative control measures in resisting biodegrading agents attack and prolonged bamboo culms service life to more than five times compared with controls.
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References
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Anonymous (2005a). Tanalith E - Kopper Arch. (http://www.kopperarch.com.my/ products/tanlith.htm. Accessed on 18 August 2005.
Anonymous (2005b). Tanalith E- timber preservative. http://www.tpaa.com.au/tanalithe.htm. Accessed on 12 September 2005.
Anonymous (2000). Forestry research strategy. Forestry Research Sector. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa.
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Arsema Andargachew (2008). Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Originating from Shedem Kebele, Bale Zone. MBA, Faculty of Business and Economics, School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa.
Behailu Kebede, Yigremachew Seyoum, Getachew Desalegn, Melaku Abegaz and Demelash Alem (2011). Performance of traditional wood protection measures in controlling termite and fungal attack in Pawe wereda. Research report no. 92. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa.
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Ensermu Kelbessa, Tamrat Bekele, Alemayehu Gebrehiwot, Gebremedhin Hadera (2000). A socio-economic case study of the bamboo sector in Ethiopia: An analysis of the production-to-consumption system, Addis Ababa.
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Getachew Desalegn, Melaku Abegaz, Demel Teketay and Alemu Gezahgne (2012). Commercial Timer Species in Ethiopia: Characteristics and Uses - A Handbook for Forest Industries, Construction and Energy Sectors, Foresters and Other Stakeholders. Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa.
Getachew Desalegn and Melaku Abegaz (2012). Increasing service life through controlling biodeterioration damage and rational utilization of bamboo species culms in Ethiopia as construction and furniture material. In: Forestry and Forest Products in Ethiopia: Technologies and Issues (Wubalem Tadesse, Getachew Desalegn and Abraham Yirgu, eds.). Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa.
Getachew Desalegn (2010). Treatability and effectiveness of preservatives against subterranean termites and fungi on Juniperus procera and Eucalyptus deglupta sawn timbers. Research report no. 87. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa.
Getachew Desalegn, Melaku Abegaz, Sigu, G. and Oduor, N. (2010). Bamboo culms preservation measures against biodeteriorating agents in Ethiopia and Kenya: Increasing service life and rational utilization of bamboo species. First year results progress report. Thematic research in collaboration with Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Addis Ababa.
Getachew Desalegn, Wubalem Tadesse, Demel Teketay, Worku Fekadu, Gemechu Kaba and Girma Taye (2007). Performance of preservatives on 32 timber species against subterranean termites and fungal deterioration at Bako research station, West Ethiopia. SINET:Ethiop. J. Sci. 30(2): 103–116.
Getachew Desalegn, Wubalem Tadesse, Worku Fekadu, Gemechu Kaba, Demel Teketay and Girma Taye (2003). Effectiveness of protection measures on 32 timber species against subterranean termites and fungi at Zeway research station, Central Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 2(2): 189–216.
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Islam, M.N., Lahiry, A.K. and Hannan, M.O. (2002). Treatability and retention ability of two important bamboo species-Boark and Jawa of Bangladesh.
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Lahiry, A. (2001). Accelerated fixation of CCA in Boark bamboo (Bambusa balcooa Roxb) of Bangladesh. Section 4: Process. The 32nd annual meeting of The International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG), Nara.
Li, X. (2004). Physical, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and its Utilization Potential for Fiberboard Manufacturing. M.Sc. thesis, the School of Renewable Natural Resources. Louisiana State University, Louisiana.
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Melaku Abegaz, Negussie Jiru and Brhanu Oluma (2005). Oxytenantheria abyssinica bamboo stems as reinforcement steel bar in concrete. Ethiop. J. Nat. Resour. 7(1): 95–109.
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Mishra, H.N. (1988). Knowhow of bamboo house construction. Timbers Engineering Branch, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun.
Nellie, O., Sigu, G., Samson, M., Simon, N.W. and Emmanuel, O. (2010a). Report on accelerated decay tests of preservative treated bamboo species against wood rot fungi. Forest Products Research Centre, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi.
Nellie, O., Sigu, G. and Samson, M. (2010b). Report on ground and off ground tests of preservative treated bamboo species against insect and fungal attack. Forest Products Research Centre. Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi.
Nicholas, D.D. (ed.) (1985). Wood Deterioration and its Prevention by Preservative Treatments. Volume 1, Degradation and Protection of Wood. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse wood science series, 5, New York.
Panshin, A.J., and de Zeeuw, C. (1980). Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Purslow, D.F. (1976). Results of field tests on the natural durability of timbers (1932–1975). Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory. U.K.
Rao, A.N. and Rao, V.R. (eds.) (1998). Bamboo - Conservation, Diversity, Ecogeography, Germplasm, Resource Utilization and Taxonomy. Proceedings of training course cum workshop, Kunming and Xishuanbanna, Yunnan.
Salam, K. and Deka, N.K.R. (2007). Training Manual on Nursery Raising, Commercial Plantation, Preservation and Primary Processing of Bamboo. Cane and Bamboo Technology Centre, India.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) Institute (2004). Statistical data analysis software package. SAS programme for windows, version 9.
Sastry, C. (2004). Bamboo and human development. Development express. Canadian International Development Agency, Policy Branch, Canada.
Schröder, S. (2014). Durability of bamboo. http://www.guaduabamboo.com/ preservation/ durability-of-bamboo. Accessed on 15 April 2016.
Seyoum Kelemwork, Md, T., Ding, W.E. and Sudin, R. (2008). The effects of selected characteristics on physical properties of Ethiopian highland bamboo (Arundinaria alpina K. Schum.) (Poaceae). Ethiop. J. Biol.Sci. 7(1): 69–84.
Seyoum Kelemwork (2012). Influence of bamboo growing locations and culm positions on physical and mechanical properties of Ethiopian lowland bamboo (Oxythenantera abyssinica) influences of growing locations and height on properties of bamboo. Paper presented in the National Workshop on Forestry Research Technologies Dissemination. 29-31 May 2012, EIAR, Addis Ababa.
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Published
2015-12-30
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