Evaluation of antagonistic activities of Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) isolates
Keywords:
Antagonism, Antibiosis, Pathogen, Pesticide, Resistance, Symptom
Abstract
The study was initiated with the objective of controlling tomato wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum) using Trichoderma isolates as biocontrol agents. F. oxysporum was isolated from diseased tomato plants grown in five selected kebeles of Dugda Bora and Adami Tulu Jido-Kombolcha woredas of the Central Rift Valley (CRV) region of Ethiopia. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum was determined on three different tomato varieties namely Cochoro, Miya and Fetane that were grown in 20 cm plastic pots containing 3 kg of autoclaved soil under the greenhouse. The antagonistic effect of Trichoderma isolates against the test pathogen was tested both in vitro and in vivo conditions. From the three tomato varieties, Miya was more susceptible to F. oxysporum infection than both Cochoro and Fetane varieties. The antagonistic effects of Trichoderma isolates on the mycelial growth of the test pathogens, AUT9, AUT 8 and AUT10, showed 66%, 61% and 58% inhibition, respectively, on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum isolate. All Trichoderma isolates achieved maximum mycelial growth at 25°C and minimum mycelial growth at 15°C. From the current comparative in vivo and in vitro (green house) studies it is evident that the most effective antagonist of the Trichoderma isolates to F. oxysporum was AUT9 and the most resistant tomato variety was Fetane.
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References
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Mastouri, F., Bjorkman, K. and Harman, G.H. (2010). Seed treated with Trichoderma harzianum alleviates biotic, abiotic and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings. Phytopathology 100: 1213–1221.
MoARD (2009). Course for training of trainers on improved horticultural crop technologies. Rural Capacity Building Project, MoARD, Addis Ababa.
Negash Hailu and Tesfaye Alemu (2010). In vitro evaluation of antagonistic potential activity and assay of culture filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride against coffee wilt disease (Fusarium xylarioides) isolates. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 9(1): 67–77.
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Papavizas, G.C. (1985). Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, ecology and potential for biocontrol. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 23: 23–54.
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Pap. 116: 1–56.
Samuels, G.J. (1996). Trichoderma: A review of biology and systematics of the genus. Mycol. Res. 100: 923–935.
Seyis, I. and Aksoz, N. (2005). Investigation of factors affecting xylanase activity from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 48(2): 187–193.
Shanmugaiah, V., Balasubramanian, N., Gomathinayagam, S., Monoharan, P.T., and Rajendran, A. (2009). Effect of single application of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth promotion in cotton plants. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 4: 1220–1225.
Smith, V.L., Wilcox, W.F. and Harman, G.E. (1990). Potential for biological control of Phytophthora root and crown rots of apple by Trichoderma and Gliocladium species. Phytopathology 80: 880–885.
Tesfaye Alemu and Kapoor, I.J. (2004). In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium spp against Botrytis corm rot (Botrytis gladiolorum) of Gladiolus. Pest Manage. J. Ethiop. 8: 97–103.
Tesfaye Alemu and Kapoor, I.J. (2007). In vivo evaluation of Trichoderma species against Botrytis corm rot/ blight of Gladiolus. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 6(2): 165–171.
Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Marra, R., Barbetti, M.J., Li, H., Woo, S.L. and Lorito, M. (2006). Major secondary metabolites produced by two commercial Trichoderma strains active against different phytopathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43: 143–148.
Yedidia, I., Srivastva, A.K., Kapuluik, Y. and Chet, I. (2001). Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on microelement concentration and increased growth of cucumber plants. Plant Soil. 235(2): 235–242.
Zuriash Mamo and Tesfaye Alemu (2012). Evaluation and optimization of agro-industrial wastes for conidial production of Trichoderma isolates under solid state fermentation. J. Appl. Biosci. 54: 3870–3879.
Altomare, C., Norvell, W.A., Bjorkman, T. and Harman, G.E. (1999). Solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by plant growth promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain 1295-22. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2926–2933.
Aneja, K.R. (2005). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. 4th edn., New Age International Pvt. Ltd., India.
Behzad, H., Mousa, T., Mohammad, R.M. and Mahdi, D. (2008). Biological potential of some Iranian Trichoderma isolates in the control of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7: 967–972.
Bell, D.K., Well, H.D. and Markham, C.R. (1982). In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma species against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathology 72: 379–382.
Borrero, C., Trillas, M.I., Ordales, J., Tello, J.C. and Aviles, M. (2004). Predictive factors for the suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato in plant growth media. Phytopathology 94: 1094–1101.
Chowdhry, P.N. (1996). Identification of Trichoderma species. Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
Dagnatchew Yirgou and Stewart, R.B. (1967). Index of plant diseases in Ethiopia. Experimental, station bulletin no. 30. College of Agriculture, Haile Sillassie University, Debrezeit.
De Cal, A., Pascual, S., and Melgarejo, P. (1997). A rapid laboratory method for assessing the biological control potential of Penicillium oxalicum against Fusarium wilts of tomato. Plant Pathol. 46: 699–707.
Deshmukh, P.P. and Raut, J.G. (1992). Antagonism by Trichoderma species on five plant pathogenic fungi. New Agric. 3(2): 127–130.
Grodona, I., Hermosa, M.R., Tejada, M., Gomis, M.D., Mateos, P.F., Bridge, P., Monte, E. and García-Acha, I. (1997). Physiological and biochemical characterization of Trichoderma harzianum, a biological control agent against soil borne fungal plant pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3189–3198.
Hoitink, H.A.J., Madden, L.V. and Dorrance, A.E. (2006). Systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma spp.: Interactions between the host, the pathogen, the biocontrol agent, and soil organic matter quality. Phytopathology 96: 186–189.
Hoyos-Carvajal, L., Orduz, S. and Bissett, J. (2009). Growth stimulation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Trichoderma. Biol. Control 51(3): 409–416.
Ishikawa, R., Shirouzu, K., Heitefuss, H., Nakashita, H.Y., Lee, T., Motoyama, I., Yamaguchi, T. and Arie, T. (2005). Foliar spray of validamycin A or validoxylamine A controls tomato Fusarium wilt. Phytopathology 95: 1209–1216.
Jackson, A.M., Whipps, J.M. and Lynch, J.M. (1991). Effects of temperature, pH and water potential on growth of four fungi with disease biocontrol potential. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 494–501.
Kader, A.J., Omar, O. and Feng, L.S. (1999). ASENA Review of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (ARBEC). http://www.arbec.com.my/pdf/art12 sepoct99.pdf.
Katan, T., Zamir, D., Sarfati, M., and Katan, J. (1991). Vegetative compatibility groups and subgroups in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici. Phytopathology 81: 255–262.
Kirankumar, R., Jagadeesh, K.S., Krishnaraj, P.U. and Patil, M.S. (2008). Enhanced growth promotion of tomato and nutrient uptake by plant growth promoting rhizobacterial isolates in presence of tobacco mosaic virus pathogen. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 21(2): 309–311.
Kocchar, S.D. (1981). Tropical Crops. A Text book on Economics Botany. Macmillan Publishers, London and Basingstoke.
Koch, E. (1999). Evaluation of commercial products for microbial control of soil-borne plant disease. Crop Prot. 18: 119–125.
Kredics, L., Antal, Z., Manczinger, L. and Szekeres, A. (2003). Influence of environmental parameters on Trichoderma strains with biocontrol potential. Food Technol. Biotech. 41(1): 37–42.
Larkin, R.P. and Fravel, D.R. (1998). Efficacy of various fungal and bacterial biocontrol organisms for the control of Fusarium wilt of tomatoes. Plant Dis. 82: 1022–1028.
Lemma, D and Herath, E. (1994). Varietal development on vegetables. In: Proceeding of the Second National Horticultural Workshop, pp. 1–3 (Herath, E. and Lemma, D., eds.). Addis Ababa.
Lilly, V.G. and Barnett, H.L. (1951). Physiology of Fungi. McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
Mastouri, F., Bjorkman, K. and Harman, G.H. (2010). Seed treated with Trichoderma harzianum alleviates biotic, abiotic and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings. Phytopathology 100: 1213–1221.
MoARD (2009). Course for training of trainers on improved horticultural crop technologies. Rural Capacity Building Project, MoARD, Addis Ababa.
Negash Hailu and Tesfaye Alemu (2010). In vitro evaluation of antagonistic potential activity and assay of culture filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride against coffee wilt disease (Fusarium xylarioides) isolates. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 9(1): 67–77.
Ozbay, N. and Newman, S.E. (2004). Effect of Trichoderma harzianum strains to colonize tomato root and improve transplant growth. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7: 253–257.
Pal, K.K. and Gardener, B.M. (2006). Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio.
Papavizas, G.C. (1985). Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, ecology and potential for biocontrol. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 23: 23–54.
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Pap. 116: 1–56.
Samuels, G.J. (1996). Trichoderma: A review of biology and systematics of the genus. Mycol. Res. 100: 923–935.
Seyis, I. and Aksoz, N. (2005). Investigation of factors affecting xylanase activity from Trichoderma harzianum 1073 D3. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 48(2): 187–193.
Shanmugaiah, V., Balasubramanian, N., Gomathinayagam, S., Monoharan, P.T., and Rajendran, A. (2009). Effect of single application of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth promotion in cotton plants. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 4: 1220–1225.
Smith, V.L., Wilcox, W.F. and Harman, G.E. (1990). Potential for biological control of Phytophthora root and crown rots of apple by Trichoderma and Gliocladium species. Phytopathology 80: 880–885.
Tesfaye Alemu and Kapoor, I.J. (2004). In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma and Gliocladium spp against Botrytis corm rot (Botrytis gladiolorum) of Gladiolus. Pest Manage. J. Ethiop. 8: 97–103.
Tesfaye Alemu and Kapoor, I.J. (2007). In vivo evaluation of Trichoderma species against Botrytis corm rot/ blight of Gladiolus. Ethiop. J. Biol. Sci. 6(2): 165–171.
Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Marra, R., Barbetti, M.J., Li, H., Woo, S.L. and Lorito, M. (2006). Major secondary metabolites produced by two commercial Trichoderma strains active against different phytopathogens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43: 143–148.
Yedidia, I., Srivastva, A.K., Kapuluik, Y. and Chet, I. (2001). Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on microelement concentration and increased growth of cucumber plants. Plant Soil. 235(2): 235–242.
Zuriash Mamo and Tesfaye Alemu (2012). Evaluation and optimization of agro-industrial wastes for conidial production of Trichoderma isolates under solid state fermentation. J. Appl. Biosci. 54: 3870–3879.
Published
2015-12-30
Section
Articles