Higher Education Response to HIV/AIDS Pandemic in Ethiopia: Rhetoric, Reality, Challenges and the Way Forward
Abstract
Higher education response to HIV/AIDS has been found to be below expectations. Lack of policy and/or strategic plan of actions to combat the pandemic and absence of dedicated HIV/AIDS units to coordinate activities characterise the scene. Since planning for HIV/AIDS is the exception rather than the rule, there was no place for monitoring and evaluation. The magnitude of the problem and its impacts is unknown; hence little knowledge exists to guide informed actions. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that HIV/AIDS has been impacting in many ways. Workplace interventions as well as organised staff response are non-existent. Almost everywhere there are student-based efforts; however, in the absence of institutional support these efforts have largely been dependent on external resources that render the activities to be piecemeal. With the exception of health/medical faculties, there is no attempt to integrate HIV/AIDS issues into the curriculum. Similarly, efforts to train staff to appropriately handle HIV/AIDS related subjects are very rare. HIV/AIDS related research is isolated, accidental and externally induced; individual staff research and consultancy involvement dominate the scene rather than institutional, organized research undertaking. No other robust variable can better explain such inaction than inadequate or virtual absence of leadership, ownership, and commitment at all levels.
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References
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Alemaya University (2003). Five Year Strategic Plan (2001/02-2005/06). January, Alemaya, Ethiopia.
Association of Commonwealth Universities (2001). HIV/AIDS: Towards a Strategy for Commonwealth Universities; issues in Policy Development. Badcock-Walters, P. and Marelize Görgens (2001) HIV/AIDS Impact on Education in Africa: An analysis of conferences, workshops, seminars, meetings and summits focusing on HIV/AIDS impact on education in Africa - December 1999 to June 2001. HEARD (Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division)University of Natal, South Africa. Bahr Dar University (2001). Draft Strategic Plan and Five Year Plan. March, Bahr Dar, Ethiopia. Carr-Hill, R., K. J. Katabaro, A. R. Katahoire, and D. Oulai (2002). The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Education and Institutionalising Preventive Education. UNESCO: IIEP. Paris. Cohen, D. (2002). Human Capital and the HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working Paper No. 2. ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. Geneva.
Coombe, C. (2000a). Keeping the Education System Healthy: Managing the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Education in South Africa. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 3(1). Available at: http://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/vol03nr1/ccart1.htm
_____. (2000b). Managing the Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Education Sector. University of Pretoria, Centre for the Study of AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa. Available at: http://www.csa.za.org/filemanager/list/6.
Debub University, (2003). Ten Years Strategic Plan (2004-2013). Draft Document. September, Awassa. Ethiopia.
EMIS, MoE, (2003). Education Statistics Annual Abstract, 2002-03. Addis Ababa.
Family Health International (2003) Capacity Development in HIV Programming. www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/FactSheets/
_____ (2002). Behavioral Surveillance Survey, Round One. June.
FDRE (1998). Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
____ (2001). Strategic Framework for the National Response to HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia (2001-2005). National AIDS Council. Addis Ababa.
_____ (2002). Proclamation No. 262/2002. The Federal Civil Servants Proclamation. The Federal Negarit Gazeta. January. Addis Ababa
_____ (2003). Proclamation No. 351/2003. Higher Education Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta. 9th year. No. 72. Addis Ababa. FDRE-MoE (2000). Education Sector Development Programme. Programme Action Plan. Ministry of Education. Addis Ababa.
_____ -MoE (2002) Educational Statistics Annual Abstract, 2001/02. Addis Ababa.
_____ MoE (2002) Higher Education Capacity Programme. ESDP-II, 2002/03-2005/06 Plan. Addis Ababa. January.
_____ MoE (2002). Education Sector Development Program II (ESDP-II). Program Action Plan. Ministry of Education. Addis Ababa.
_____ MoE (2003). A Study on the Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Education Sector and the Status and Problems of HIV/AIDS Education in Ethiopia. Draft Report.
_____ MOFED (2002). Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Addis Ababa.
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_____ MoI (2001). Rural Development Policies, Strategies and Instruments. Ministry of Information. Addis Ababa.
_____ MoI (2002). Implementation Capacity Building Strategies and Programs. Ministry of Information. Addis Ababa.
_____ HAPCO (2003). Guidelines for Project Handlers. Addis Ababa. Gabre (1999). Sexual Behavior and Knowledge of AIDS and other STDs: A Survey of Senior High School Students. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development.
ISAPSO (2002). Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Behavour (KAPB) Survey on HIV/AIDS Among Addis Ababa University Students. Addis Ababa.
_____. (1999) Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practice on HIV/AIDS and STDs Among College and University Students . Addis Ababa
Ishrat Z. Husain and Peter Badcock-Walters (2002) Economics of HIV/AIDS Impact Mitigation: Responding to Problems of Systemic Dysfunction and Sectoral Capacity" A Paper Presented at the XIV International HIV/AIDS Conference, Barcelona, July 7-12. Jimma University (1999). Strategic Plan (2000-2005). Jimma, Ethiopia. Katjavivi, P. H. and B. Otaala (2003). African Higher Education Institutions Responding to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Paper presented at the AAU Conference of Rectors, Vice Chancellors and Presidents of African Universities (COREVIP). Mauritius, March. Kelly, M. J. (2000). Planning for Education in the Context of HIV/AIDS. Fundamentals of Educational Planning Series, No. 66. UNESCO: International Institute for Education Planning. Paris.
_____. (2000). Standing Education on Its Head: Aspects of Schooling in a World with HIV/AIDS. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 3(1). Available at: http://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/vol03nr1/mkart1.htm
Kenyon, C., M. Heywood and S. Conway (2001). Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS: Progress and Challenges in South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Campaign. International Association of Physicians in AIDS care.
Kitaev, I. (ed.) (1995) Assessment of Training Needs in Educational Planning and Management: with special reference to Central Asia. Education Forum Series, No. 5. UNESCO: IIEP. Paris.
Mekele University, (2003). Twenty Years Strategic Plan. Mekele, Ethiopia.
Msiska, R. (2002). Development Implications of HIV/AIDS: Why Incorporate HIV/AIDS in the Education Curricula? Paper Presented at UNDP REGIONAL PROJECT WORKSHOP, Pretoria, South Africa, 6-8TH November 2002.
Sack, R., and M. Saidi (1997). Functional Analysis (management audits) of the Organisation of Ministries of Education. UNESCO: IIEP. Paris.
Tekeste Kebede (2003). AIDS Deaths in Ethiopia. Paper presented at a Symposium with a theme “Committed Leadership and Popular Participation – key in the
fight against HIV/AIDS. Organised by HAPCO, WIC and CDC Ethiopia. July, Addis Ababa.
Tover, J., N. Walker, G.P. Garnet , et al (2002) Can We Reverse the HIV/AIDS Pandemic with an Expanded Response? The Lancet, vol. 360, pp 73-77. July. Available at: http://www.thelancer.com UNDP (1998). Capacity Assessment and Development in a Systems and Strategic Management Context. Technical Advisory Paper No. 3. Management Development and Governance Division Bureau for Development Policy. _____ Regional Project on HIV and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa (2002). Conceptual Shifts for Sound Planning: towards an integrated approach to HIV/AIDS and poverty. Pretoria, South Africa. UNESCO, (2002). Towards An African Response: UNESCO‟s Strategy for HIV/AIDS Education in Sub-Saharan Africa (2002-2007). Dakar.
USAID-Ethiopia (2002) Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. Available at: http://www/usaidethiopia.org/hpn/hiv_aids.htm
Vandemoortele, ., and E. Delamonica (2000). Education „Vaccine‟ against HIV/AIDS. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 3(1). Available at: http://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/vol03nr1/vedart1.htm
Whiteside A. and Tony Barnett (1999) "HIV/AIDS and Development: Case Studies and a Conceptual Framework". Available at: http:// www.und.ac.za/ und/heard/ papers/1999 /EJDR.pdf.
_____. and Peter Badcock-Walters (2000) "HIV/AIDS and Development in the Education Sector". Available at: http://www.und.ac.za/und/heard/papers/2000/sector.pdf.
WHO/UNESCO (1994). School Health Education to Prevent AIDS and STD: A resource package for curriculum planners.
World Bank (2002). Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope. World Bank, Washington D.C.
World Vision Ethiopia (2000). HIV/AIDS Strategy: Ethiopia Hope Strategy. Addis Ababa.
Yigeremu Abebe, Ab Schaap, Girmatchew Mamo, Asheber Negussie, Birke Mamo, Dawit Wolday and Eduard Sanders (2003. Urban and Rural HIV Prevalence in
Over 72,000 Male Army Recruits, Ethiopia, 1999-2000. Paper presented at a Symposium with a theme “Committed Leadership and Popular Participation – key in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Organised by HAPCO, WIC and CDC Ethiopia. July, Addis Ababa.
Published
2004-06-01
Section
Articles