Expressed Beliefs and Actual Classroom Practices of High School English Teachers Concerning Error Correction
Abstract
This study attempted to ferret out what high school
English teachers say they do and what they actually do
regarding error correction. A questionnaire was distributed and
teachers' actual classroom teaching was videotaped. The results
of the questionnaire, which were analysed employing Pearson's
Correlation Co-efficient and t-test procedures, indicated that the
teachers stated that they corrected all types of errors equally
wherever they found them. In their actual teaching, however,
error correction was not one of their major classroom activities.
Finally, it was concluded that the discrepancy in what they said
and they did may affect their teaching. It was recommended
that high school English teachers develop self-awareness
through critical reflection of what they did in light of what they
thought they did regarding error correction; responsible
authorities provide training opportunities; and teachers
experience school-based team discussions.
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References
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An Introduction to Classroom Research for Language Teachers.
Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Allwright,D. et al. (1975). Problems in the study of the Language Teacher's
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T.J .Press (Padstow) ltd.
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for Correction of Classroom Conversation Errors. On TESOL 76.
Chaudron, C.(1988). Second Language Classrooms. Research on
Teaching and Learning. U.S.A. : Cambridge University Press.
Chenoweth,N. et a/(1975). Attitudes and Preferences of ESL Students to
Error Correction. Modern Language Journal 59,pp. 79-86.
Cohen, A.D.(1975). Error Correction and the Training of Language Teachers.
Modern Language Journal 59, 414-422.
Corder, S.P. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmonsworth: Penguin. '
____ (1967). The Significance ofLearners' Errors. International
Review of Applied Linguistics 5, pp.161-170.
Dredner, M. P.(1973). Your Students' Errors Can Help You. English Language Journal 1, pp. 5-8.
Edge, J. (1989). Mistakes and Correction. U.S.A. : Longman.
George, H.U .. (1972).Common Errors in Language Learning. Rowley,
Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers.
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Longdunn Press.
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Recent Theory, Research, and Practice. Modern Language
Journal 62/8 pp. 387-398.
Holley, F.M. and King, J.K. (1971). Imitation and Correction in Foreign
Langage Learning. The Modern Language Journal 55/8
pp 494-498.
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Languages: A Functional Approach. Errata. Papers in Error Analysis,
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Kennedy,G.(1973). Conditions for Language Learning. Focus on the
Learner: Pragmatic Perspectives for the Language Teacher. New
York: Newbury House.
Krashen, S.D. and Seliger, S.W.(1975). The Essential Contributions of Formal
Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning. TESOL Quarterly 9,
pp.173-183.
Lewis, M. and Jimmie H. (1985). Practical Techniques for Language
Teaching. England: Commercial Color Press
Littlewood, W.T. (1988). Foreign and Second Language Learning. Great
Britain Cambridge University Press.
Marionne, C .. M. and Mcintosh, L.(1979).Teaching English As a Second or
Foreign Language. USA.: Newbury House Publishers Inc .
Norish, J. (1983). Language Learners and their Errors. Hong Kong:Macmiilan Publishers Ltd .
Nunan, D. (1989). Understanding Language Classrooms. A Guide for
Teacher initiated Action. Cambridge: Prentice Hall international
(UK) Ltd.
___ . (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. U.S.A.
Cambridge University Press.
Oller, W. et. al (1983). Methods that work. A Smogsbord of Ideas for
Language Teachers. U.S.A. : Newbury House Publisher, Inc.
Olsson, M. (1972). Intelligibility: A Study of Errors and Their Importance.
Research Bulletin No. 12, Department of Educational Research,
Gothenburg School of Education, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Parott, M. (1993). Tasks for Language Teachers. A Resource Book for
Training and Development. Great Britain: Cambridge University
Press.
Prabhu, N.S. (1987). Second Language Pedagogy. Hong Kong: Oxford
University Press.
Richards, J.C.& Charles C. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second
Language Classrooms. U.S.A. : Cambridge University Press.
Rivers, W.M. (1983). Communicating Naturally in a Second Language.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scrivener, J.(1994). Learning Teaching. U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Selinker,L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied
Linguistics in Language Teaching 1013 pp.209-231.
Strenglass, M.S.(1974). Close Similarities in Dialect Features of Black and
White College Studentsin Remedial Composition Class. TESOL
Quarterly 8, 271-283.
Tsui, A.B.M., (1996). Reticence and Anxiety in Second Language
Learning. Voices from the Language Classroom, pp.145-167.
Van Lier, L. (1988). The Classroom" and the Language Classroom. New
York: Longman Inc.
Wajnryb, R. (1992). ClaSsroom Observation Tasks. A Resour.ce Book for
Language Teachers and Trainers. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
An Introduction to Classroom Research for Language Teachers.
Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Allwright,D. et al. (1975). Problems in the study of the Language Teacher's
Treatment of Learner Error. New Directions in Second Language
Learning, Teaching & Bilingual Education. TESOL, pp.96-109.
Broughton, et. al. (1960). English as a Foreign Language. Great Britain:
T.J .Press (Padstow) ltd.
Brown, J.D. (1988).Understanding Research in Second Language
Learning. U.S.A. : Cambridge University Press.
Burt, M.K. (1975). Error Analysis in the Adult EFL Classroom. TESOL
Quarterly 12.4, pp.53-63.
Cathcart, R.L.& Olsen, J. (1976). Teachers' and Students' Preferences
for Correction of Classroom Conversation Errors. On TESOL 76.
Chaudron, C.(1988). Second Language Classrooms. Research on
Teaching and Learning. U.S.A. : Cambridge University Press.
Chenoweth,N. et a/(1975). Attitudes and Preferences of ESL Students to
Error Correction. Modern Language Journal 59,pp. 79-86.
Cohen, A.D.(1975). Error Correction and the Training of Language Teachers.
Modern Language Journal 59, 414-422.
Corder, S.P. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics. Harmonsworth: Penguin. '
____ (1967). The Significance ofLearners' Errors. International
Review of Applied Linguistics 5, pp.161-170.
Dredner, M. P.(1973). Your Students' Errors Can Help You. English Language Journal 1, pp. 5-8.
Edge, J. (1989). Mistakes and Correction. U.S.A. : Longman.
George, H.U .. (1972).Common Errors in Language Learning. Rowley,
Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers.
Hammerly, H. (1991). Fluency and Accuracy. Great Britain:
Longdunn Press.
Hendrickson, J.(1978 ). Error Correction in Foreign Language Teaching:
Recent Theory, Research, and Practice. Modern Language
Journal 62/8 pp. 387-398.
Holley, F.M. and King, J.K. (1971). Imitation and Correction in Foreign
Langage Learning. The Modern Language Journal 55/8
pp 494-498.
Hubbard, P. et al. (1983). A Training Course for TEFL. Hong Kong: Oxford
University Press.
Johansson, S.(1973). The Identification and Evaluation of Errors in Foreign
Languages: A Functional Approach. Errata. Papers in Error Analysis,
pp.102-114.
Johnson, K .(1996). Language Teaching and Skill Learning. U.S.A. :
Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Kennedy,G.(1973). Conditions for Language Learning. Focus on the
Learner: Pragmatic Perspectives for the Language Teacher. New
York: Newbury House.
Krashen, S.D. and Seliger, S.W.(1975). The Essential Contributions of Formal
Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning. TESOL Quarterly 9,
pp.173-183.
Lewis, M. and Jimmie H. (1985). Practical Techniques for Language
Teaching. England: Commercial Color Press
Littlewood, W.T. (1988). Foreign and Second Language Learning. Great
Britain Cambridge University Press.
Marionne, C .. M. and Mcintosh, L.(1979).Teaching English As a Second or
Foreign Language. USA.: Newbury House Publishers Inc .
Norish, J. (1983). Language Learners and their Errors. Hong Kong:Macmiilan Publishers Ltd .
Nunan, D. (1989). Understanding Language Classrooms. A Guide for
Teacher initiated Action. Cambridge: Prentice Hall international
(UK) Ltd.
___ . (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. U.S.A.
Cambridge University Press.
Oller, W. et. al (1983). Methods that work. A Smogsbord of Ideas for
Language Teachers. U.S.A. : Newbury House Publisher, Inc.
Olsson, M. (1972). Intelligibility: A Study of Errors and Their Importance.
Research Bulletin No. 12, Department of Educational Research,
Gothenburg School of Education, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Parott, M. (1993). Tasks for Language Teachers. A Resource Book for
Training and Development. Great Britain: Cambridge University
Press.
Prabhu, N.S. (1987). Second Language Pedagogy. Hong Kong: Oxford
University Press.
Richards, J.C.& Charles C. (1994). Reflective Teaching in Second
Language Classrooms. U.S.A. : Cambridge University Press.
Rivers, W.M. (1983). Communicating Naturally in a Second Language.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scrivener, J.(1994). Learning Teaching. U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Selinker,L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied
Linguistics in Language Teaching 1013 pp.209-231.
Strenglass, M.S.(1974). Close Similarities in Dialect Features of Black and
White College Studentsin Remedial Composition Class. TESOL
Quarterly 8, 271-283.
Tsui, A.B.M., (1996). Reticence and Anxiety in Second Language
Learning. Voices from the Language Classroom, pp.145-167.
Van Lier, L. (1988). The Classroom" and the Language Classroom. New
York: Longman Inc.
Wajnryb, R. (1992). ClaSsroom Observation Tasks. A Resour.ce Book for
Language Teachers and Trainers. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Published
2017-06-06
Section
Articles