Debates in Research Paradigms: Reflections in Qualitative Research in Higher Education
Abstract
This paper is a personal reflection of current debate in educational research paradigms. The study never claims an empirical process of data collection, statistical analysis and theory building; as has been the case of the dominant paradigm in educational research in the Ethiopian context. It is rather a modest reflection of my new self, a new development of how research should be carried out and taught in the Addis Ababa University. The style of writing does not strictly follow the conventional research format, but coheres with a highly personalized way of writing mainly to avoid the tradition of the objectivist pretension. As part of the international debate, I have strongly critiqued the scientific method, not only from a methodological point of view but also mainly from a philosophical stand point (epistemological and ontological). Using current literature and my own personal experience, I have shown how the new paradigm is helpful in understanding higher education process and the world at large.
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References
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______ (1995). How Do we Improve Status of What Are Called ―Teaching Aids‖? (Translated). Educational Journal, 1[1]: 4-7.
______ (1996). Learning from the Media: Five Models, Educational Journal. 3:93-105
______ (1998b). A Habit of Learning with the Least Effort: Television Method of Learning, Bulletin of Bahirdar Teachers’ College. 9(1): 1-14.
______ (1998a). Culture and Development, IER-Flambeau, 5:1-6
______ (1998c). Communication Theories and Instructional Practice: A Limed-Effect Perspective, IER Flambeau, 5: 39-49
______ (2000a). The State of Educational Research in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Journal of Education 20(2): 19-48.
______ (2000b). I Do not Agree with Globalizing the Curriculum of Higher Education. The Reporter, Vol. IV. No. 209.
______ (2001). An Androgenic Approach to Teaching and Learning, IER-Flambeau, 8(1): 73-88.
Altheid, D.L. and Johnson, J.M. (1994). Criteria for Assessing Interpretive validity in Qualitative Research.‖ In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 485-499.
Asmussen, K.J. and Creswell, J.W. (1995). Campus Response to a Student Gunman, Journal of Higher Education. 66:575-591.
Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London: Unwin Hyman.
Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is thing called Science? (3rd edition). Indianapolis/Cambridge: University of Queensland Press.
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative Research‖. In N.K.
Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications pp. 1-18.
Eshetu Chole (1992). Ethiopia at the Crossroads: Reflections on the Economics of the Transitional Period, DIALOGU. 1(1): 59-82.
Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research‘. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 105-117 London: SAGE Publications. Pp.105-117.
Hammersley, M. and Gomm, R. (2002). Introduction. In R. Gomm, et al (eds.), Case study Method. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 1-17.
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (1994). Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology and Interpretive Practice. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. Pp. 262-272.
Howe, K. and Eisenhardt, M. (1990). Standards for Qualitative (and Quantitative) Research: A Prolegomenon. Educational Researcher. 19(4): 2-9.
Kincheloe, J.K. and McLaren, P. (1994). Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.). Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Light, G. and Cox, R. (2002). Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: The Reflective Professional. Thousanoaks: SAGE Publications.
Lincoln, Y.S. (1995). Emerging Criteria for Quality and Qualitative and Interpretive Research. Qualitative Inquiry. 1:275-289.
Merriam, S. (1998). Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994). An Expanded Source Book: Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd edition). London: SAGE Publications.
Osgood, C. (1976). Focus on Meaning, volume 1: Explorations in Semantic space. The Hague: Mouton.
Ragin, C.C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Schwandt, T.A. (1994). Constructivist, Interpretisist approaches to Human Inquiry. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 118-137.
Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1964). The Mathematical theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois
Silverman, D. (1995). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: SAGE Publications.
Stake, R.E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
_____ (2002). The case Study Method as a Social Inquiry. In R. Gomm, et al (eds.), Case Study Method. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 19-26.
_____ (2994). Case Studies. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 236-247.
Viditch, A.J. and Lyman, S.M. (1994). Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications PP. 19-22.
Yin, R.K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (34d edition). London: SAGE Publications.
Altbach, P.G. (1998). Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University and Development. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Berger, P. (1963). Introduction to sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc.
Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V.(1989). Research in Education (6th edition). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice - Hall. Inc.
Carspecken, P.F. and Apple, M. (1992). Critical Research: Theory Methodology and Practice. In M.D. Lecompte, W.L. Millroy and J. Preissle (Eds,); The Handbook of Qualitative Research in Education, New York: Academic press. PP. 507-554.
Christians, C. (2000). Ethics and Politics in Quantitative Research. In N. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications. PP. 133-155.
Christians, C.G. (2003). Ethics and Politics. In N.k. Denzin and Y.S. and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications pp. 208 - 244.
Christians, C.G. and Carey, J.W. (1981). The Logic and Aims of Qualitative Research. In G.H. Stempel, III and B.H. Westley (Eds.), Research Methods in Mass Communication Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice - Hall, Inc. pp. 342-374.
COSMOSCorporation (2002). Cross-Case Analysis of Transformed Firms Case Studies. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce. pp.111-123.
Denzin, N.K and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003). The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues (Eds.). Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2002). The Qualitative Inquiry Reader Educational and Psychological Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winston, Inc.
Ellis, C. and Bochner, A.P. (2000). Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, reflexivity. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Hammerseley, M. (1999). Researching School Experience: Ethnographic Studies of Teaching and Learning (Ed). London: Flamer Press.
Hawkesworth, M.E. (1989). Knowing known: feminist theory and Claims of Truth. In M. R. Malson et al (Eds.), Feminist Theory in Practice and Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press:
Kerlinger, F.N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research: Klapper, J.T (1960). The Effects of Mass Communication. New York: The Free Press.
Olesen, V.L. (2003). Feminism and Qualitative Research at and into the Millennium. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Landscapes of Qualitative Research : Theories and Issues.
Olsen, V.L. (1994). Feminism and Models of Qualitative Research. In N.k. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of Qualitative Research : Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 158-174. pp. 327-351. pp.30-34.
Ramsden, P. (2002). Learning to Teach in Higher Education (2nd ed.). London: Rout ledge Flamer.
Salmon, G. and Leigh, T. (1984). Predispositions about learning from Print and Television. Journal of Communication. (Eds.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 34:119-153.
Shaul, R. (2003). Forward: Pedagogy of the oppressed in P. Friene, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (30th Anniversary Edition)
Stamm, K. (1981). Measurement Decisions. In G.H. Stempel, 111 and B.H. Westley (Eds.), Research Methods in Mass Communication. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.pp.87-104
Teheranian, M. et al (1977). Communication Policy for National Development. London: Rout ledge and Kegan Paul Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 332-397
UNESCO(1980). Many voices, One World: Communication and Society Today and Tomorrow. Paris: UNESCO.
______ (1995). How Do we Improve Status of What Are Called ―Teaching Aids‖? (Translated). Educational Journal, 1[1]: 4-7.
______ (1996). Learning from the Media: Five Models, Educational Journal. 3:93-105
______ (1998b). A Habit of Learning with the Least Effort: Television Method of Learning, Bulletin of Bahirdar Teachers’ College. 9(1): 1-14.
______ (1998a). Culture and Development, IER-Flambeau, 5:1-6
______ (1998c). Communication Theories and Instructional Practice: A Limed-Effect Perspective, IER Flambeau, 5: 39-49
______ (2000a). The State of Educational Research in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Journal of Education 20(2): 19-48.
______ (2000b). I Do not Agree with Globalizing the Curriculum of Higher Education. The Reporter, Vol. IV. No. 209.
______ (2001). An Androgenic Approach to Teaching and Learning, IER-Flambeau, 8(1): 73-88.
Altheid, D.L. and Johnson, J.M. (1994). Criteria for Assessing Interpretive validity in Qualitative Research.‖ In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 485-499.
Asmussen, K.J. and Creswell, J.W. (1995). Campus Response to a Student Gunman, Journal of Higher Education. 66:575-591.
Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London: Unwin Hyman.
Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is thing called Science? (3rd edition). Indianapolis/Cambridge: University of Queensland Press.
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative Research‖. In N.K.
Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications pp. 1-18.
Eshetu Chole (1992). Ethiopia at the Crossroads: Reflections on the Economics of the Transitional Period, DIALOGU. 1(1): 59-82.
Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research‘. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 105-117 London: SAGE Publications. Pp.105-117.
Hammersley, M. and Gomm, R. (2002). Introduction. In R. Gomm, et al (eds.), Case study Method. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 1-17.
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (1994). Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology and Interpretive Practice. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. Pp. 262-272.
Howe, K. and Eisenhardt, M. (1990). Standards for Qualitative (and Quantitative) Research: A Prolegomenon. Educational Researcher. 19(4): 2-9.
Kincheloe, J.K. and McLaren, P. (1994). Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.). Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Light, G. and Cox, R. (2002). Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: The Reflective Professional. Thousanoaks: SAGE Publications.
Lincoln, Y.S. (1995). Emerging Criteria for Quality and Qualitative and Interpretive Research. Qualitative Inquiry. 1:275-289.
Merriam, S. (1998). Case Study Research in Education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994). An Expanded Source Book: Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd edition). London: SAGE Publications.
Osgood, C. (1976). Focus on Meaning, volume 1: Explorations in Semantic space. The Hague: Mouton.
Ragin, C.C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Schwandt, T.A. (1994). Constructivist, Interpretisist approaches to Human Inquiry. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 118-137.
Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. (1964). The Mathematical theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois
Silverman, D. (1995). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: SAGE Publications.
Stake, R.E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
_____ (2002). The case Study Method as a Social Inquiry. In R. Gomm, et al (eds.), Case Study Method. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 19-26.
_____ (2994). Case Studies. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications. PP. 236-247.
Viditch, A.J. and Lyman, S.M. (1994). Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE Publications PP. 19-22.
Yin, R.K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (34d edition). London: SAGE Publications.
Altbach, P.G. (1998). Comparative Higher Education: Knowledge, the University and Development. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Berger, P. (1963). Introduction to sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc.
Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V.(1989). Research in Education (6th edition). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice - Hall. Inc.
Carspecken, P.F. and Apple, M. (1992). Critical Research: Theory Methodology and Practice. In M.D. Lecompte, W.L. Millroy and J. Preissle (Eds,); The Handbook of Qualitative Research in Education, New York: Academic press. PP. 507-554.
Christians, C. (2000). Ethics and Politics in Quantitative Research. In N. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications. PP. 133-155.
Christians, C.G. (2003). Ethics and Politics. In N.k. Denzin and Y.S. and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications pp. 208 - 244.
Christians, C.G. and Carey, J.W. (1981). The Logic and Aims of Qualitative Research. In G.H. Stempel, III and B.H. Westley (Eds.), Research Methods in Mass Communication Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice - Hall, Inc. pp. 342-374.
COSMOSCorporation (2002). Cross-Case Analysis of Transformed Firms Case Studies. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce. pp.111-123.
Denzin, N.K and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003). The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues (Eds.). Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2002). The Qualitative Inquiry Reader Educational and Psychological Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winston, Inc.
Ellis, C. and Bochner, A.P. (2000). Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, reflexivity. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Hammerseley, M. (1999). Researching School Experience: Ethnographic Studies of Teaching and Learning (Ed). London: Flamer Press.
Hawkesworth, M.E. (1989). Knowing known: feminist theory and Claims of Truth. In M. R. Malson et al (Eds.), Feminist Theory in Practice and Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press:
Kerlinger, F.N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research: Klapper, J.T (1960). The Effects of Mass Communication. New York: The Free Press.
Olesen, V.L. (2003). Feminism and Qualitative Research at and into the Millennium. In N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Landscapes of Qualitative Research : Theories and Issues.
Olsen, V.L. (1994). Feminism and Models of Qualitative Research. In N.k. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of Qualitative Research : Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 158-174. pp. 327-351. pp.30-34.
Ramsden, P. (2002). Learning to Teach in Higher Education (2nd ed.). London: Rout ledge Flamer.
Salmon, G. and Leigh, T. (1984). Predispositions about learning from Print and Television. Journal of Communication. (Eds.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 34:119-153.
Shaul, R. (2003). Forward: Pedagogy of the oppressed in P. Friene, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (30th Anniversary Edition)
Stamm, K. (1981). Measurement Decisions. In G.H. Stempel, 111 and B.H. Westley (Eds.), Research Methods in Mass Communication. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.pp.87-104
Teheranian, M. et al (1977). Communication Policy for National Development. London: Rout ledge and Kegan Paul Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 332-397
UNESCO(1980). Many voices, One World: Communication and Society Today and Tomorrow. Paris: UNESCO.
Published
2004-06-01
Section
Articles