Higher Education in Pre-Revolution Ethiopia: Relevance and Academic Freedom
Abstract
This paper presents the history of Ethiopian higher education (HE) before the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution. By giving a historical account, it concluded that the then Haile Selassie I University was dependent on Western models in its staffing, curriculum, duration, timing, philosophy and ideology. It combined the American experience of a research university, which itself borrowed from the Girman idealism of the Humbolditan University that favoured a combination of teaching and research. The absence of a graduate program, and the Newmansque ethic of a teaching method, characterized by the philosophy of cultivating the cognitive domain of the learner with what they call the disputation techniques of critiquing and debating, in the context of an environment characterized by values of monarchy and autocracy, lack of tolerance and the rule of law, the Addis Ababa University destroyed itself as a result of a context produced by the disharmony of the alien culture with the indigenous one. It had completely missed the disharmonizing discourses of the West and the East and was swallowed in a political turmoil that had still made it difficult to get ride of. Academic freedom, teacher or institutional autonomy did not help in a context characterized by limited local or national capabilities (Sen, 2001).
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References
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Teshome Wagaw. (1972). Education in Ethiopia: Prospect and Retrospect. Ann arbour: The University of Michigan Press.
UCAA. (1962). Bulletin 1961-1962 University College of Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press.
UNESCO. (1994). Future Directions for Higher Education in Africa Dakar: UNESCO Regional office.
AAU. (2000b). 1943 – 1993 (College Poems 1950-2000). Addis Ababa: Bole Printing Press
Abebe Ambachew. (1968). Academic Freedom in a University of a Developing country. Dialogue: A Public action of Ethiopian University Teachers’ Association. 2(1): 28 – 36. Abebe Ghedai. (1991). AAU and its Decision making and Implementing Structures. In Ayele Meshesha and Azeb Desta (eds.), Proceedings on professional Staff Development. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Printing Press.
Abebe Ghedai. (1995)(Ethiopian Traditional Education and Useful Lessons). In IER (ed).Proceedings of the National Workshop on Strengthening Educational Research. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Printing Press. Pp. 1-15.
Aklilu Habte. (1972). Introduction. In HSIU (ed), The President’s Report 1971-72 (Mimeographed)
Aklilu Habte. (1973a). Introduction. In The President’s Report 1972-73. (Mimeographed).
Aklilu Habte. (1973 b). Higher Education in Ethiopia in the 1970s and beyond. A Paper Prepared for Bellangio Education and Development Conference (Unpublished).
Aklilu Habte. (1975). The Public Service Role of the University: The Ethiopian University Service - - A Service-Study Experiment. In African Regional Report: Higher Education for development for Africa (unpublished). pp. 114-146.
Aleme Eshete (1973): (History of Foreign Educated Ethiopians after 1896), The Ethiopian Journal of Education. 6(1): 115-148.
Alula, P. (2002). Addis Ababa University College Ethnological Society Bulletin Vol. I (1-10) and Vol. II (1), 1953-1961. Addis Ababa: AAU Printing Press.
Amare Asgedom. (1998). Culture and Development, IER-Flambeau. 5(1): 1-4.
Bahru Zewde. (2002). Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press.
Balsvik, R. R. (2003). The Quest for Expression: The State and the University in Ethiopia under Three Regimes, 1952 – 2002. A paper presented at the 15th International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, 20 – 25 July 2003, University of Hamburg, Girmany.
Barnett, R. (1997). Higher Education: A Critical Business. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.
Bentley, H. W. (1960). Higher Education in Ethiopia: Survey Reports and Recommendations. (Unpublished).
Binns, J. (2004). Traditional Education in Ethiopia: Report on a Research Visit to Ethiopia (Unpublished)
Burke, W. J. (1960). The Arts and Science in Ethiopian Higher Education (Unpublished).
CHE (1985). (Higher Education in Ethiopia). Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa Artistic Printing Press.
Essaias Demissie (1995). A New Approach to the Problem of Andemta Teaching. In IER (ed.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Strengthening Educational Research. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Printing Press. Pp. 16-30.
Fentahun Tiruneh. (1990). The Ethiopian Students: Their Struggle to Articulate the Ethiopian Revolution. Chicago: Nayala Type.
Girma Amare (1967). Aims and Purposes of church Education in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Journal of Education 1(1):1-11.
Girma Amare, et al. (1974). Aims and Objectives of Education in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Journal of Education. 6(2): 1-26.
Habtamu Wondimu. (2003). Ethiopian Hihger Education: Country Report. In Damtew Teferra and P.G. Altbach (Eds), African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Bloomington: Indiana university Press. PP. 316 – 325.
Haile Wolde Michael. (1970). Social Dependency in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Journal of Education. 6(1): 4-14.
Haile-Gabriel Dagne. (1968). (Ethiopian Educational Philosophy), DIALOGUE: A Publication of Ethiopian University Teachers’ Association 2(1): 49-68.
Hailu Fulas. (1974). Knowledge and its Attainment in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Journal of Education. 7(1): 19-24.
Herbert, L. (1867). Abyssinia and its Apostle, London: NP.
HSIU. (1969). A Forward Look: Haile Sellasie I University. Addis Ababa: Commercial Printing Press.
HSIU. (1972 a). The President’s Report 1972. (Mimeographed)
HSIU. (1972a). The President’s Report 1969–70 and 1970–71. (Mimeographed).
HSIU. (1973 b). The President’s Report 1972-73 (mimeographed).
HSIU. (1973c). Consolidated Legislation of the Faculty Council of Haile Sellassie I University. (Mimeographed)
Kiflu Tadesse. (1993). The Generation, The History of Ehtiopian People’s Revolutionary Party (Part 1). Trenton, N.J: The Red Sea Press.
Mesfin Woldemariam. (1968). The Rural-Urban Split in Ethiopia‖, DIALOGUE: A Publication of Ethiopian University Teachers’ Association. 2(1):7-16.
Ministry of Pen. (1946). Negarit gazetta (June 28). Addis Ababa: Berhanaselam Printing Press.
Negarit Gazetta. (1961). General Notice No. 284 of 1961.
Tjeldvoll, A. (2000). Preparing Service University Research. Report No. 8. University of OSO, Institute of Educational Research, (Unpublished).
Pankharst, R. (1974). Education, Language and History: An Historical Background to Post-war Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Journal of Education. 7(1): 75-97.
Pankharst, R. (1967a). A Paper Presented for the Conference on the Role of a University in a Developing country organized by Ethiopian University Teachers (27 Feb. - 3rd March)
Pankharst, R. (1967b). The Place of Ethiopian Students in University Education. (Mimeographed).
Quarmy, A., and Quarmy, D. (1969). The Ethiopian University Service, Report No. 6 (Mimiographed).
Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.
Seyoum Teferra. (1995). A project in Ethiopian Traditional Education. In IER (ed). Proceedings of the National Workshop on Strengthening Educational Research. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University. PP. 31-36.
Tadesse Tamirat, et al. (2000). 50 years of Addis Ababa University (unpublished)
Teklehaymanot Haile Selassie. (1999). The Culture Foundations of Education in Ethiopia. IER-Flambeau 7(1):1-10.
Teshome Wagaw. (1972). Education in Ethiopia: Prospect and Retrospect. Ann arbour: The University of Michigan Press.
UCAA. (1962). Bulletin 1961-1962 University College of Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press.
UNESCO. (1994). Future Directions for Higher Education in Africa Dakar: UNESCO Regional office.
Published
2005-06-02
Section
Articles