Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Regular Schools: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
The number of children with disabilities in regular
schools has been on the rise since the last decade. Recently,
the education of children with disabilities, with a shift. of
emphasis on inclusive education, has gained pronounced
momentum in the agenda of special needs education globally.
This article attempted to revisit and analyze the linkages of the
different theoretical mode!s of disability with the various modes
of educational delivery and rationales which led to inclusive
education. In this study, the theoretical framework of inclusive
education, meanings, challenges and opportunities of inclusive
schooling are discussed. Finally, the study tries to reflect on
{he implications of th.e shift towards inclusive educ?tion within
the context of the education of children with disabilities in
Ethiopia. In this .endeavor, it tries to shed light on a set of
factors which may need due consideration for the successful
implementation of inclusive education in the country.
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References
Ainscow M., (1997). Towards inclusive schooling. British Journal of
Special Education, Vol. 24, No.1.
Ainscow M. (1994). Needs in the Classroom: A Teacher Education Guide.
Paris: UNESCO. In Evans J. l. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair
Start for All Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An International
Resource for Ear~y qhildhood Development, NO.22. New York:
UNICEF, The Consu1+ative Group of Early Childhood' Development.
Anastasiow N. and Nucci C.(1994}. "Social ,Historical and Theoretical
Foundations of Early Childhood Special Education and EarlyIntervention", In Early Childhood Special Education Safford et. al.
(1994).New York: Teachers College Press.
Banbury, Mary (1987). The Efficacy of Special Versus Regular Class
Placement for Mainstreamed Exceptional Students. In Rotatori A. ,
Banubury M, and Fox R, Issues in Special Education .. USA:
Mayfield Publishing Company.
Berta F. (2000). The State of Deaf Education in Ethiopia, Mimeographed,
Department of Educational Psychology, Graduate Program, AAU.
CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998). Housing and Population
Census Statistical Abstract. Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Claesson P. (1995). Towards Inclusive Education: The Vietnamese
Experience. Radda Barnen and Irene Lopez : KalmarSund Tryck.
Cole K.N. et al. ,(1991). "Effects of Per-school Integration for Children with
disabilities", Journal of Exceptional Children. Special Issue:
Trends and Issues in Early Intervention.
Corbett J. & Norwich B. (1997). " Special Needs and Client Rights: the
changing social and political context of special education", British
Educational Research Journal, Vo1.23, No3, 1997.
Coleridge, P. (1993). Disability, Liberation and Development. 'In Savoia in en
H. (1995). Special Education and Rehabilitation, IER Flambeau,
Vol. 3, No.2.
Dagne B. (2000). Educational Status of Students with Visual Impairment:
The Case of German Church School, Mimeographed, Department
of Educational Psychology, Graduate ProQram, AAU.
Egel et al.. (1981). "Normal peer models and autistic children learning",
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14,3-11 .
Eleweke J. (1998). A Review of Institutional Service Delivery Provisions in
Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation in Nigeria: The best
way forward. African Journal of Special Needs Education, Vo1.3,
No.2.
Engelbrecht & Chris (1998). Pre-service teachers' acceptance of social
interactions with persons with disabilities. African Journal of
Special Needs Education, Vo1.3, No.1.
English et al. (1997). The Council Exceptional Children. Vol.63, No.2,
1997.
Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair Start for. All Children.
Coordinators' Notebook: An International Resource for Early
Childhood Development, No.22. New York: UNICEF, The
Consultative Group of Early Childhood Development.
Francsua D. (1998). Hard of Hearing and Classroom Interaction: Their
Effects on Social an9 Academic Performance, A Case Study of the
Selected Classroom in Awassa Town. MA, Thesfs, Joensuu
University .
Gilenesh H. and Tibebu B. (1999). From Exclusion to Inclusion: A case of
children with Mental Retardation in Kokebe Tsebah Primary School
in Addis Ababa. Save the Children Sweden: Addis Ababa, Eastern
and Central Africa Office.
Heward, W. L. & Orlansky, M. D. (1988). Exceptional Children: An
Introductory. Columbus: Merril Publishing Company.
Gearheart, et al. (1988) .. The Exceptional Student in the Regular
Classroom. Columbus: Merril Publishing Company.
Holdsworth, J.(1997). International consultation on early childhood
education and special education. In Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive
ECCD: A Fair Start for All Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An
International Resource for Early Childhood Development,
NO.22. New York: UNICEF, The Consultative Group of Early
Childhood Development.
Guralnick M. (1997). "Peer Social Networks of Young Boys With
Developmental.
Delays", American Journal of Mental Retardation, Volume 101 , Number
6.
.
Guralnick M et al. (1996). "Immediate Effects of Mainstreamed Settings pn
the Social Interactions and Social ' Integration of Pre-school
Children", American Journal of Mental Retardation , Volume 100,
Number 4.,
Hundert J. and Houghton,A. t 1992). " Promoting Interaction of Children with
Disabilities in Integrated' Preschools: A Failure to Generalize",Journal of Exceptional Children, Virginia: The Council of
Exceptional Children.
IDDC (1998). Inclusive Education: Making a Difference. Enabl ing
Education Network. University of Manchester: . Centre for
Educational Needs School of Education, Oxford Road.
Kajubi S. (1999). Human Resource Development in Support of Inclusive
Education. Paper presented in the workshop organized by
UNESCO at UNISE, Uganda, Kampala, Feb.22- 3 March.
Kristensen K. (1997). Special Needs Education in a School for all. African
Journal of Special Needs Education, Vo1.2, No.2.
Maher C. et al. .(1987). Psychoeducational Interventions in Schools.
University of
Oslo, Pergamon General Psychology Series.
Mather K. (1992). Educational Integration. The Essential Tool for the
Development of Independence: The Perspective of.a student
Today. Independence 92 Vancouver. Montreal Quebec: Dawson
College.
Meijer et al. (1995). New Perspective in Special Education: A six -
country study of integration. London : Routledge
Mercer , D.C. and Mercer, R.A.(1989). Teaching Students With Learning
Prob.lems. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Company.
Mitchell D. and Brown R.I (1991). Early Intervention Studies for Young
Children with Special Needs. London: Chapman and Hall.
Ministry of Education (1997). Education Statistics (1995/96}. The Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,. Addis Ababa: MOE- EMPDA.
Ministry of Education (1999). Education Statl:;tics (1997/98LThe Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa : MOE- EMPDA
Moberg S. (1997). Inclusive educational practices as perceived by
prospective special education teachers in Estonia, Fin land, and the
United States. International Journal of Re'habilitation Research,
Vol. 20, No.1.
Meisels and Shonkoff (1990). Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nyewe K.{ .1999). The Attitude of some South African Parents towards the
inclusive education of their children with mild to moderate mental
retardation. African Journal of Special Needs Education,
VoI.4,No.1 .
Ratska,A.D.(1989). Independent Living . Community Based Rehabilitation.
CBR News, NO.3.
Reindal , S (1995). Discussing Disability: an investigation into theories of
Disability. European Journal of . Special Needs Education. In
Savolainen H Special Education and Rehabilitation , IER
Flambeau, vol.3,No.2 Ju1Y,1995.
Rekkas Alexandria (1997). "Strategies of Inclusion" Journal of the
Association for Childhood Education International, Vol.73,
NO.3.
Ross D. H. (1988). Educating Handicapped Young Children in Eastern
and Southern Afr1ca. (Paris: UNESCO).
Savolainen H. (1995). Special Education and Rehabilitation, IER
Flambeau, VoI.3.No.2.
Safford et al. (1994). Early Childhood Special Education. New York:
Teachers College Press.
Semakula P. S (1999). Parent -Teacher Partnership in Educating Children
with Mental Retardation in the Central Region of Uganda. African
Journal of Special Needs Education, Vol.4, No.2.
Schulz, B.J. et al (1991). Mainstreaming Exceptional Students: A Guide
for Classroom Teachers (3rd.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Scruggs T. E. and Mastropieri M. (1996). "Teachers Perceptions of Inclusion
.. A Research Synthesis Exceptional Children, Vol.63, No.1 59-74.
Smith et al. (1983). The Exceptional Child: A functional Approach. New '
York: McGraw - Hill, Inc.
Stainback, W. and Stainback S (19&4). "A rational for the merger of special
and regular education", Except10nal Children , 50.102-111 .
Stainback , S. and Stainback, W. (1985). Integration of Students with
Severe Handicaps in to Regular Schools. Virg inia: The Council of
Exceptional Children.
Strully J.L. and Strully C. F. (1989)." Friendships as an Educational Goal". In
Educating All Students in the Mainstream of Regular
Education, Stainback S. and Stainback Wand Forest M. Baltimore:
Brookes Publishing Co.
Thomas G.and Feiler A(1988). Planning For Special Needs: A Whole
SchoolApproach. England: TJ. Press Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
Thousand J. S and Villa R. A(1989). "Enhancing Success in Heterogeneous
Schools", In Educating All Students in the Mainstream of
Regular Education,
Stainback S. and Stainback Wand Forest M. Baltimore:Brookes Publi sh ing
Co.
Teferi A (1996). Integration of Blind Students in Regular Classroom at
Mulugeta Gedle School, Ethiopia, MA Thesis. University of Joensuu,
Finland.
Tirussew T (1993). "Problems and Prospects of Persons with Disabilities in
Ethiopia". The Ethiopian Journal of Development Research.
Volume 15, Number 1.
Tirussew T et aI. , (1995). Base Line Survey on Disabilities in Ethiopia.,
Institute of Educational Research, Addis Ababa University. Addis
Ababa: Commercial Printing Enterprise.
Tomlinson J., (1996). "Special Needs and Client Rights: the changing social
and political context of $pecial", Education Britis.h Educational
Research Journal Vol.23, N03, 1997.
Tungaraza, F.D. (1992). Mainstreaming: The logical Choice for Tanzania.
Internation'al Journal of Special Education, Volume 7, Number 7.
Tuunainen, K. (1997). Interaction between different special education
structures. Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair Start for All
Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An International Resource
for Early Childhood Development, NO.22. 'New York: UNICEF,
The Consultative Group of Early Childhood Development.
Special Education, Vol. 24, No.1.
Ainscow M. (1994). Needs in the Classroom: A Teacher Education Guide.
Paris: UNESCO. In Evans J. l. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair
Start for All Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An International
Resource for Ear~y qhildhood Development, NO.22. New York:
UNICEF, The Consu1+ative Group of Early Childhood' Development.
Anastasiow N. and Nucci C.(1994}. "Social ,Historical and Theoretical
Foundations of Early Childhood Special Education and EarlyIntervention", In Early Childhood Special Education Safford et. al.
(1994).New York: Teachers College Press.
Banbury, Mary (1987). The Efficacy of Special Versus Regular Class
Placement for Mainstreamed Exceptional Students. In Rotatori A. ,
Banubury M, and Fox R, Issues in Special Education .. USA:
Mayfield Publishing Company.
Berta F. (2000). The State of Deaf Education in Ethiopia, Mimeographed,
Department of Educational Psychology, Graduate Program, AAU.
CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998). Housing and Population
Census Statistical Abstract. Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Claesson P. (1995). Towards Inclusive Education: The Vietnamese
Experience. Radda Barnen and Irene Lopez : KalmarSund Tryck.
Cole K.N. et al. ,(1991). "Effects of Per-school Integration for Children with
disabilities", Journal of Exceptional Children. Special Issue:
Trends and Issues in Early Intervention.
Corbett J. & Norwich B. (1997). " Special Needs and Client Rights: the
changing social and political context of special education", British
Educational Research Journal, Vo1.23, No3, 1997.
Coleridge, P. (1993). Disability, Liberation and Development. 'In Savoia in en
H. (1995). Special Education and Rehabilitation, IER Flambeau,
Vol. 3, No.2.
Dagne B. (2000). Educational Status of Students with Visual Impairment:
The Case of German Church School, Mimeographed, Department
of Educational Psychology, Graduate ProQram, AAU.
Egel et al.. (1981). "Normal peer models and autistic children learning",
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14,3-11 .
Eleweke J. (1998). A Review of Institutional Service Delivery Provisions in
Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation in Nigeria: The best
way forward. African Journal of Special Needs Education, Vo1.3,
No.2.
Engelbrecht & Chris (1998). Pre-service teachers' acceptance of social
interactions with persons with disabilities. African Journal of
Special Needs Education, Vo1.3, No.1.
English et al. (1997). The Council Exceptional Children. Vol.63, No.2,
1997.
Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair Start for. All Children.
Coordinators' Notebook: An International Resource for Early
Childhood Development, No.22. New York: UNICEF, The
Consultative Group of Early Childhood Development.
Francsua D. (1998). Hard of Hearing and Classroom Interaction: Their
Effects on Social an9 Academic Performance, A Case Study of the
Selected Classroom in Awassa Town. MA, Thesfs, Joensuu
University .
Gilenesh H. and Tibebu B. (1999). From Exclusion to Inclusion: A case of
children with Mental Retardation in Kokebe Tsebah Primary School
in Addis Ababa. Save the Children Sweden: Addis Ababa, Eastern
and Central Africa Office.
Heward, W. L. & Orlansky, M. D. (1988). Exceptional Children: An
Introductory. Columbus: Merril Publishing Company.
Gearheart, et al. (1988) .. The Exceptional Student in the Regular
Classroom. Columbus: Merril Publishing Company.
Holdsworth, J.(1997). International consultation on early childhood
education and special education. In Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive
ECCD: A Fair Start for All Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An
International Resource for Early Childhood Development,
NO.22. New York: UNICEF, The Consultative Group of Early
Childhood Development.
Guralnick M. (1997). "Peer Social Networks of Young Boys With
Developmental.
Delays", American Journal of Mental Retardation, Volume 101 , Number
6.
.
Guralnick M et al. (1996). "Immediate Effects of Mainstreamed Settings pn
the Social Interactions and Social ' Integration of Pre-school
Children", American Journal of Mental Retardation , Volume 100,
Number 4.,
Hundert J. and Houghton,A. t 1992). " Promoting Interaction of Children with
Disabilities in Integrated' Preschools: A Failure to Generalize",Journal of Exceptional Children, Virginia: The Council of
Exceptional Children.
IDDC (1998). Inclusive Education: Making a Difference. Enabl ing
Education Network. University of Manchester: . Centre for
Educational Needs School of Education, Oxford Road.
Kajubi S. (1999). Human Resource Development in Support of Inclusive
Education. Paper presented in the workshop organized by
UNESCO at UNISE, Uganda, Kampala, Feb.22- 3 March.
Kristensen K. (1997). Special Needs Education in a School for all. African
Journal of Special Needs Education, Vo1.2, No.2.
Maher C. et al. .(1987). Psychoeducational Interventions in Schools.
University of
Oslo, Pergamon General Psychology Series.
Mather K. (1992). Educational Integration. The Essential Tool for the
Development of Independence: The Perspective of.a student
Today. Independence 92 Vancouver. Montreal Quebec: Dawson
College.
Meijer et al. (1995). New Perspective in Special Education: A six -
country study of integration. London : Routledge
Mercer , D.C. and Mercer, R.A.(1989). Teaching Students With Learning
Prob.lems. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Company.
Mitchell D. and Brown R.I (1991). Early Intervention Studies for Young
Children with Special Needs. London: Chapman and Hall.
Ministry of Education (1997). Education Statistics (1995/96}. The Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,. Addis Ababa: MOE- EMPDA.
Ministry of Education (1999). Education Statl:;tics (1997/98LThe Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa : MOE- EMPDA
Moberg S. (1997). Inclusive educational practices as perceived by
prospective special education teachers in Estonia, Fin land, and the
United States. International Journal of Re'habilitation Research,
Vol. 20, No.1.
Meisels and Shonkoff (1990). Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nyewe K.{ .1999). The Attitude of some South African Parents towards the
inclusive education of their children with mild to moderate mental
retardation. African Journal of Special Needs Education,
VoI.4,No.1 .
Ratska,A.D.(1989). Independent Living . Community Based Rehabilitation.
CBR News, NO.3.
Reindal , S (1995). Discussing Disability: an investigation into theories of
Disability. European Journal of . Special Needs Education. In
Savolainen H Special Education and Rehabilitation , IER
Flambeau, vol.3,No.2 Ju1Y,1995.
Rekkas Alexandria (1997). "Strategies of Inclusion" Journal of the
Association for Childhood Education International, Vol.73,
NO.3.
Ross D. H. (1988). Educating Handicapped Young Children in Eastern
and Southern Afr1ca. (Paris: UNESCO).
Savolainen H. (1995). Special Education and Rehabilitation, IER
Flambeau, VoI.3.No.2.
Safford et al. (1994). Early Childhood Special Education. New York:
Teachers College Press.
Semakula P. S (1999). Parent -Teacher Partnership in Educating Children
with Mental Retardation in the Central Region of Uganda. African
Journal of Special Needs Education, Vol.4, No.2.
Schulz, B.J. et al (1991). Mainstreaming Exceptional Students: A Guide
for Classroom Teachers (3rd.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Scruggs T. E. and Mastropieri M. (1996). "Teachers Perceptions of Inclusion
.. A Research Synthesis Exceptional Children, Vol.63, No.1 59-74.
Smith et al. (1983). The Exceptional Child: A functional Approach. New '
York: McGraw - Hill, Inc.
Stainback, W. and Stainback S (19&4). "A rational for the merger of special
and regular education", Except10nal Children , 50.102-111 .
Stainback , S. and Stainback, W. (1985). Integration of Students with
Severe Handicaps in to Regular Schools. Virg inia: The Council of
Exceptional Children.
Strully J.L. and Strully C. F. (1989)." Friendships as an Educational Goal". In
Educating All Students in the Mainstream of Regular
Education, Stainback S. and Stainback Wand Forest M. Baltimore:
Brookes Publishing Co.
Thomas G.and Feiler A(1988). Planning For Special Needs: A Whole
SchoolApproach. England: TJ. Press Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
Thousand J. S and Villa R. A(1989). "Enhancing Success in Heterogeneous
Schools", In Educating All Students in the Mainstream of
Regular Education,
Stainback S. and Stainback Wand Forest M. Baltimore:Brookes Publi sh ing
Co.
Teferi A (1996). Integration of Blind Students in Regular Classroom at
Mulugeta Gedle School, Ethiopia, MA Thesis. University of Joensuu,
Finland.
Tirussew T (1993). "Problems and Prospects of Persons with Disabilities in
Ethiopia". The Ethiopian Journal of Development Research.
Volume 15, Number 1.
Tirussew T et aI. , (1995). Base Line Survey on Disabilities in Ethiopia.,
Institute of Educational Research, Addis Ababa University. Addis
Ababa: Commercial Printing Enterprise.
Tomlinson J., (1996). "Special Needs and Client Rights: the changing social
and political context of $pecial", Education Britis.h Educational
Research Journal Vol.23, N03, 1997.
Tungaraza, F.D. (1992). Mainstreaming: The logical Choice for Tanzania.
Internation'al Journal of Special Education, Volume 7, Number 7.
Tuunainen, K. (1997). Interaction between different special education
structures. Evans J. L. (1998). Inclusive ECCD: A Fair Start for All
Children. Coordinators' Notebook: An International Resource
for Early Childhood Development, NO.22. 'New York: UNICEF,
The Consultative Group of Early Childhood Development.
Published
1999-06-01
Section
Articles