The Predominance of Different Sources of Stress Among Teachers in Government Senior High Schools of Addis Ababa
Abstract
Prompted by increased concern about teacher dissatisfaction and turnover, the researcher conducted a study to establish the levels of stress experienced by teachers in government high schools using data from 144 respondents in four centrally and peripherally located schools of Addis Ababa. The study focused on seven plausible sources of stress: Salary and Opportunities, Student Characteristics, Performance Evaluation, Time Pressure, Resources, Regulations and Relations. Differences in level of stress between groups (e.g. males and females) were also explored. The results identified problems related to Salary and Opportunities, Student Characteristics and Evaluation to be equally important origins of teacher stress. In addition, degree holders, experienced, and pedagogically trained male teachers appeared to be subject to greater stress than their female counterparts. The results suggested that, although salaries and benefits remained to be critical areas of teacher discontent and should receive due attention, it was useful to simultaneously deal with other sources of stress of equal or secondary importance.
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References
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_____.(1996). የመምህራን እድገት አፈጻጸም መመሪያ ቁርር [Guideline for the Implementation of Career Structure System for Teachers - No.2].
_____.(1999). የመምህራን እድገት አፈጻጸም መመሪያ(ተሻሽሎ የተዘጋጀ) [Guideline for the Implementation of Career Structure for Teacher - Revised Version] , Addis Ababa.
_____. (2000). Education Statistics - Annual Abstract 1999/2000. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise. Pettigrew, L.S., and Wolf, G.E. (1982). Validating Measures of Teacher Stress. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 373-396. Richardson, A.G. (1997). Stress in Teaching: A Study of Elementary School Teachers in the Caribbean. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association, Chicago, IL.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 407 383). Seyoum Teferra (1998). The Current Status of Research Activities among Addis Ababa Senior High School Teachers. The Ethiopian Journal of Educational Research , 18 (1), 1-18. Siegel, S, (1956). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences New York: McGraw Hill. Tang, T., and Yeung, A.S. (1999). Hong Kong Teachers’ Sources of Stress, Burn out, and Job Satisfaction. Paper presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education, Hong Kong (ERIC document Reproduction Service No. ED 429 954.) Tolor, A. (1973). Evaluation of Perceived Teacher Effectiveness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 98 - 104. Woolfolk, A. E., and Mc Cune - Nicolich , L. (1984). Educational Psychology for Teachers. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Beyene Erbeto, Deputy director, Menelik II Senior High School , Interview, January 11, 2001. Bogler, R. (1999). Reassessing the Behavior of Principals as a Multiple - factor in Teachers Job Satisfaction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada. Borg, M.G., and Riding, R.J. (1991). Towards a Model for the Determinants of Occupational Stress among School Teachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, VI (4), 335 - 373. Boyle, G., Borg, M.G., Falzon, J.M. , Boglioni, A.J. (1995). A Structural Model of the Dimensions of Teacher Stress. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 49 - 67. Chen, M., and Miller, G (1997). Teacher Stress : A Review of the International Literature. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 410 187). Cortis, G.A. (1973). The Assessment of a Group of Teachers in Relation to Earlier Career Experience. Educational Review , 25, 112 - 23. Craig, R.C., Mehrens, W.H., and Clarizio, H.F. (1975). Contemporary Educational Psychology - Concepts, Issues, Applications. New York : John Wiley and Sons. Darge Wole (2000a). Patterns of Student Absenteeism in Addis Ababa Government Senior High Schools and Considerations for Containment. The Ethiopian Journal of Education, XX (1), 59-89.
_____ (2000b) What do High School Students Want of Their Teachers? In David Bridges (ed.) Secondary Teacher Education in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Printing Press. Debebe Tegegn, Hailu Yilma, Mengistu Mulat and Samuel Abduse, Teachers, Interview, Addis Ketema Senior High School, April 20, 2000. Dunham, J. (1981). Disruptive Pupils and Teacher Stress Educational Research, 23 (3), 205 - 213. Farber, B.A. (1991). Crisis in Education - Stress and Burn out in the American Teacher. San Franscisco : Jossey - Bass Pub. Farber, B., and Ascher, C. (1991). Urban School Restructuring and Teacher Burn out. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EC 340 812).
Fissehaye Negussie, Deputy Director, Higher 12 Senior High School, Interview, January 11, 2001. Getachew Haile (1999). Stress in School Teachers. The Ethiopian Journal of Education, XlX (2), 15 - 46. Getachew Woreta, Director, Higher 12 Senior High School, Interview, January 11, 2001. Gibson, J.T. (1976). Psychology in the Classroom. New Jersey: Prentice - Hall, Inc. Johnstone, M. (1993). Teachers’ Workload and Associated Stress. (Research Report No. 53). Edinburgh: The Scottish Council for Research in Education. Kyriacou, C., and Sutcliffe, J. (1978). Teacher Stress: Prevalence, Sources and Symptoms. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 159- 167. Kyriacou, C., and Sutcliffe, J. (1979). Teacher Stress and Satisfaction. Educational Research, 21(2), 89-96. McGinn, N.F., and Borden, A.M. (1995). Framing Questions , Constructing Answers - Linking Research with Education Policy for Developing Countries. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Manna Olango and Tesfaye Semela (2000). Determinants of Teachers’ Decision to Leave or Stay in the Teaching Profession. The Ethiopian Journal of Education, XX (1), 1-23. Manthei, R. ,Gilmore, A., Bryan, T., and Adair, V. (1996). Teacher Stress in Intermediate Schools. Educational Research, 38(1), 3-17. Marascuilo, L.A., and Serlin, R.C. (1988). Statistical Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Freeman and Co. Menaghan, E.G. (1983). Individual Coping Efforts: Moderators of the Relationship Between Life Stress and Mental Health Outcomes. In H.B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial Stress - Trends in Theory and Research (pp. 157 - 191). New York: Academic Press.
_____. (1994). የመምህራን እድገት አፈጻጸም መመሪያ ቁርር 1 [Guideline for the Implementation of Career Structure for Teachers - No.1].
_____.(1996). የመምህራን እድገት አፈጻጸም መመሪያ ቁርር [Guideline for the Implementation of Career Structure System for Teachers - No.2].
_____.(1999). የመምህራን እድገት አፈጻጸም መመሪያ(ተሻሽሎ የተዘጋጀ) [Guideline for the Implementation of Career Structure for Teacher - Revised Version] , Addis Ababa.
_____. (2000). Education Statistics - Annual Abstract 1999/2000. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise. Pettigrew, L.S., and Wolf, G.E. (1982). Validating Measures of Teacher Stress. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 373-396. Richardson, A.G. (1997). Stress in Teaching: A Study of Elementary School Teachers in the Caribbean. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association, Chicago, IL.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 407 383). Seyoum Teferra (1998). The Current Status of Research Activities among Addis Ababa Senior High School Teachers. The Ethiopian Journal of Educational Research , 18 (1), 1-18. Siegel, S, (1956). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences New York: McGraw Hill. Tang, T., and Yeung, A.S. (1999). Hong Kong Teachers’ Sources of Stress, Burn out, and Job Satisfaction. Paper presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education, Hong Kong (ERIC document Reproduction Service No. ED 429 954.) Tolor, A. (1973). Evaluation of Perceived Teacher Effectiveness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 98 - 104. Woolfolk, A. E., and Mc Cune - Nicolich , L. (1984). Educational Psychology for Teachers. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Published
2002-06-01
Section
Articles